Note: This post might be incomplete. Data will be added as I make new findings.

The damage formula is a chain of multiplications. Several effects are grouped together to form a single term in the multiplication.

Multiplier group 1

Effect descriptionNotes
Boosts allies' damage by ...% and reduces enemy Block Rate by ...% (does not stack).
Flare Element+5%/element, max +15%
Boosts damage by ...% for every enemy in battle (max. 200%).
Boosts damage dealt when attacking broken/toppled/launched enemies by ...%.Also includes Universal Annihilation
Grants a ... increase to damage dealt when attacking enemies during combos.
Boosts damage dealt when attacking enemies targeting you by ...%.
Grants a ... increase to damage dealt the more enemies target you (up to a maximum of 300%).
Boosts damage dealt indoors/outdoors by ...%.
Boosts damage dealt by ...% when HP is at ...% or lower/higher.
Species Expert
Boosts damage dealt when attacking from behind/the front/side by ...%.
Boosts damage dealt when attacking higher-level enemies by ...%.
Boosts damage dealt while an ally is incapacitated by ...%.
... boosts damage dealt when an ally is down/has low HP.
Boosts damage dealt by ...% for the first 30 seconds of battle.
Boosts damage dealt by ...% per enemy defeated (to a maximum of 250%).
Boosts damage dealt by ...% each time an ally is incapacitated (to a maximum of 200%).
Boosts auto-attack damage by ...%.
Boosts damage dealt by ...% when fighting a unique or boss monster.
Deal ...% more/less damage but take ...% more/less damage.
Boosts damage against enemies performing Arts by ...%.
Deals ...% more damage against enemies who are at 30% HP or less.Includes the Chain Attack version
Deal ...% more and take 25% less damage while within a field effect.
Boosts damage dealt by Fusion Arts by ...%.
Each attack that hits boosts damage dealt by ...% (max. 255%). Missing cancels the boost.
Boosts damage dealt by ...% when Awakened.
Boosts damage dealt for each active buff.
Boosts damage dealt by ...% when afflicted with a debuff.
Grants a small increase to damage dealt (max. 500%) for each buff active on all allies.+50%/buff (+30% without the upgrade)
Grants a small increase to damage dealt for each debuff active on all enemies (up to a maximum of 500%).+50%/buff (+30% without the upgrade)
Boosts damage dealt by physical/ether Arts by ...%.
Grants a small increase to damage dealt, based on heat gauge level.
Boosts damage to Moebius by ...%. Cannot be blocked.
Boosts damage dealt by ...% after receiving no damage for a set time.
Boosts damage dealt by ...%, but reduces max HP by half.
Boosts damage dealt for each Soulhacker Art or Skill learned.(Attack Mastery and Final Countdown)
After own revival, deal ...% more damage and take ...% less damage for a fixed time.
Boosts damage dealt by ...% when on land/in the water.
Boosts damage dealt by ...% when attacking a debuffed enemy.
Evading deals ...% of Attack damage and boosts damage dealt by ...% (up to max. of 300%).
Boosts damage dealt and Critical Rate by ...% on critical hit.
Boosts damage dealt by ...% when landing a critical hit (up to a maximum of 150%).
Boosts damage dealt by ...% when using a Talent Art (up to a maximum of 200%).
Each time you perform a cancel, boosts damage dealt by ...% (to a maximum of 150%).
Buffing an ally boosts damage dealt by ...% (up to a maximum of 200%).
Debuffing an enemy boosts damage dealt by ...% (up to a maximum of 150%).
Each elemental discharge boosts damage dealt by ...% (up to a maximum of 400%).
Own combo reactions boost damage dealt by ...% (up to a maximum of 500%).
Awakening (buff)+75% damage dealt (base)
Attack Up (buff)+25% damage dealt (base)
Reduce All ~ Origin Blade (debuff)-30% damage dealt (base)
Interlink bonus/penalty-20% (Lv. 0), 50% (Lv. 1), 150% (Lv. 2), 300% (Lv. 3)
Boosts elemental damage by ...% and elemental buff effects by ...%.Acts as a damage additive to elementals
Boosts elemental damage by ...%.Acts as a damage additive to elementals

Defensive multiplier group

(Subtract the total from 100%)

Effect descriptionNotes
Reduces damage taken by allies in a fixed radius by ...%.
Reduces damage to allies by ...%, and boosts HP recovery by ...% (does not stack).
Reduces damage taken by all allies while Art is active by ...%. Also counters attacks directed at self.
Earth Element-5% damage taken/orb, max -15%
After own revival, deal ...% more damage and take ...% less damage for a fixed time.
Reduces damage taken by ...% when recharge for all Arts is depleted.
Defender Mastery
Stance Effect: Shadow Parade
Reduces damage taken by ...% while performing Art.
Stance Effect: Determination
Deal ...% less/more damage but take ...% less/more damage.
Slightly boosts damage dealt when an ally is down/has low HP. (see note)"Low HP": <= 30%. Some variations of this effect (e.g. Healer Lucky Seven's skill) also reduce damage taken
Reduces damage taken by ...% when HP is at ...% or lower.
Reduces damage taken by ...% per enemy defeated (max. 20%).
Awakening (buff)-25% damage taken (base)
Defense Up (buff)-15% damage taken (base)
Reduce All ~ Origin Blade (debuff)+50% damage taken (base)
Interlink bonus/penalty+40% damage taken (Lv. 0), +0% (Lv. 1), -30% (Lv. 2), -60% (Lv. 3). (Scrapped feature that would affect heat buildup speed.)
(DLC4, enemy-only) Enemy count debuff-30% damage taken for each enemy in the fight (excluding self), max -90%

Multiplier group 2

(Add 100% to the total)

NameValue
Power Charge (buff)50% (base)
Accelerating Attacks50%
Element Genesisup to 300%
Raging Forceup to 613%

Multiplier group 3

(Add 100% to the total)

NameValue
Cancel bonusvaries
Superchargedup to 90%
Piercing Laserup to 120%

(DLC) Challenge gauntlet emblems 1

(Add 100% to the total)

NameValueParameter Values
Attack UpParam%40/80/120/180/240/300
Dexterity UpParam%20/40/60/80/100/120
Attack Up After UseParam%100/150/200/260/320/400
Debuff/Combo Duration UpParam%20/40/60/80/100/120
Combo to AttackParam% * Smash/Burst count40/45/50/60/70/80
Curse to AttackParam% * Curse count8/12/16/24/32/40
Rescue to AttackParam% * Revive count20/24/28/35/42/50
Focus: RoleParam% * Member count15/20/25/32/40/50
Agnus/Kevesi ZealParam% * Member count20/30/40/55/70/85
Other ZealParam% * Member count30/40/50/65/80/100
Last-Ditch EffortParam% * (100% - Charge%)70/140/210/300/400/500
MoneybagsParam% * floor(Score / 10000)25/30/35/42/50/60

Note: Riku & Manana get the "Zeal" bonus for both Keves and Agnus, and they also count towards both forces.

(DLC) Challenge gauntlet auto-attack emblems

(Add 100% to the total)

NameParam% Lv. 123456
Auto-Attack Up120150180220260300
Area Attack102030405060
Absorb HP102030405060
Debuffing Attack102030405060

Moebius M fight

NameValueNotes
Player->Player damage, if attacker has Eclipse Soul50%Likely meant to nerf allies that lose control.
Player->Player damage, if attacker does not have Eclipse Soul1%Likely used in the second fight. Curiously, this is also what makes self-damage with glitches very low.

Independent multipliers

NameMultiplier
User Attackvaries (as seen on the Characters menu) + Stability (read more)
Art/Auto-attack/Elemental damage multipliervaries. Flare/Earth: 200%, Aqua: 150%
Critical hit125% (base)
Launch/Smash/Burst damage bonus125% (launch), 150% (burst), 150% (smash, base)
Chain/Shackle Ringup to 180%
Enemy defenses100% (bypassed), or 100% - defense
Attack blocked50% (base) / 25% (base, when Eye of the Storm is fused)
Random variance90%-110% (random, read more)
Chain attack damage ratiovaries
Fusion damage bonus, if supported by the art that generated the hit150%
Attacking an enemy from behind, if it hasn't noticed the player150%
Multi-hit damage correction1/(number of damage hits), can be 2/n or more, depending on the art/hit. As of 1.1.0, does not apply to fused Master Arts that do not spawn bullets normally (and that have multiple fusion hits) -- only eligible art is Quickdraw
AOE penalty100% (main target), 75% (other enemies) -- also works for enemy attacks
(DLC) Emblem: Defense Up100%-Param% (Param: 10/15/20/26/32/40)
(DLC4) Weakness150% + Effect%, weaknesses are Front/Side/Back/Combos

Useful buffs/debuffs

BuffEffectDurationMax durationBase chance (Debuff type)
Attack Up+25% damage (see Multiplier group 1)20s40s--
Awakening+75% damage dealt (see Multiplier group 1), -25% damage taken (see Defensive multiplier group), +50% recharge speed20s40s--
Critical Rate UpCritical hit rate: +25%20s40s--
Critical Hit PlusCritical damage bonus: +50 percentage points20s40s--
Phys./Eth. Def. DownDoes nothing if defense is 0. If > 0, multiplies it by 75% (base). If < 0, multiplies it by 125%.15s30s75% (Phys./Eth.)
Reduce All (Origin Blade)-30% damage dealt (stacks with Multiplier group 1), +50% damage taken (see Defensive multiplier group), -30% accuracy/evasion60s60sguaranteed
Resistance DownBreak and debuff resist: -25 percentage points15s30s75% (Ether)
Bleed4% of art damage every 2 seconds46s92s100% (Phys.)
Blaze8% of art damage every second10s20s100% (Ether)
Freeze6% of art damage every 1.5 seconds21.5s43sunavailable
Toxin12% of art damage every 4 seconds24s48s100% (Ether)

Other

Effect descriptionNotes
Boosts Smash damage by +...%Net additive. Unlike the Smash damage bonus, which applies to both the art's and Smash's damage, this only boosts the special damage dealt when the enemy touches the ground after being smashed.